You sound like a friend of mine that had an interview and the day before asked me "Can you teach me internet marketing, as tomorrow I have an interview".
Joking apart, as other members already said, there are literally hundreds of ranking factors (apparently more than 200, some of them proven, some of them specified by Google itself, other are supposed).
Roughly you can separate technical and semantics factors, when it goes to on-page SEO; link building and social signals when it goes to off-page SEO. But this is a over semplified vision of course.
Start your investigation from this, and you'll find tons of information on Google and here on the forum.
Good luck!