neg seo

I have been trying to work out if these are some sort of open redirect spam or if they are something else. They are links pointing at one of my sites numerous pages that look like this when you check them through GSC. If they are open redirect spam I think there is a way to stop these...

I've got alerts set up through google and everything. Aside from the disavow tool, what other ways can I prevent negative SEO attacks on my website?

Google Exploit: Canonical Negative SEO Read: https://www.billhartzer.com/pages/undetectable-negative-seo-attack-uncovered/...