Pretty much the same thing happened with the account of a friend.
I was helping him to get approved as an associate. We've put a disclaimer, text only buttons without their logo, took product images from the Amazon site and bunch of other stuff recommended by a lot of affiliates. The site looks like the numerous Amazon aff sites around the web. Even I have a site participating in the program with nearly the same setup.
After the first few sales, they reviewed it and rejected it because of the use of copyrighted materials. None of the Amazon brands were mentioned anywhere, none of their logos either. There were no copied reviews also.
In the rejection letter, they allowed him to reapply after the inaccuracies are alternated.
Since he is a newbie, I should find a solution to this problem, and at the moment I am not sure where are the roots of the problem, so I know in what position you are in OP.
Maybe they rejected it because all of the images are hosted on his server, but a lot of sites are doing it the same way, and they are doing just fine.
I like the Amazon aff program, but it is clear as a day that they maintain double standards.