This is a deep topic...
Technical SEO basically covers optimizing the website code for search engines. For example, you might:
- Compress images further for faster load times. A popular new format for this is .webp, but users hate it.
- Rewrite JavaScript to avoid blocking page rendering.
- Minify JavaScript and CSS assets.
- Load more assets dynamically to reduce "first contentful paint"
- Strip whitespace from HTML
- Improving load speeds for above-the-fold content
- Generate a sitemap to make crawling your full website easier and aid search engines in discovery.
- etc.
All of these are technical and development-related aspects. That's why it's called "technical" SEO.