Monetizing without direct ads

How to effectively monetize an English-language website without direct advertising? I don't want to overload the site with banners. What alternative monetization methods (subscriptions, courses, donations) really work for Western audiences?

that depends on what type of website it is. subscription can work, donations can work, but again, it comes down to what you are providing them.

You can promote for free through social channels, but the results may be slow.