When you are doing posts and content creation think more about User Experience more than internal link juice.
High performing pages pass link juice because they pass traffic. Traffic is king.
Write pages such that it keeps people on your site.
So, internal link as much as you can without being pushy or distracting while still allowing people to explore your site.
So, if the question is: Should you link to a big category even if the link already exists in the Header Bar?
Answer: Yes, as long as it makes sense for the content and will keep people moving through your site.
Foodie Blog Example: The Header Bar may have a "Recipies" category, but you can still link to the "Recipies" page at the bottom of a post if you want to say something like "Explore all of our other Recipies here!" That is logical and smart.