How long does it take to see results from SEO?

Forever.

It's like Google is a tempered girl. You never know her mood and state of mind. You can rank fast or never get in the top 100.
 
external link influence? 2 weeks at least. for me month is max but some claim that they wait couple months till they feel the initial power of the link.

other than that, its pretty much realtime, meaning the internal changes are seen almost instantly after page recrawl.

UX is probably checked for the past month and then it works for the following month. (of course that could be something else than month)
 
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