This is a really interesting question. I thought for years the answer was no. However there is one area where it might get you. MANUAL penalty. And then only if you have a manual penalty notice in your Google dashbard.
By registering your site there is a slim (very slim) chance you raise a flag for a website Google has previously ignored. However this has no effect on normal web crawling and auto ranking algorithms (otherwise it would take affect whether you registered the site or not) There is a tiny (and I mean almost negligable - but.. you know, within the realms of possibility) that if you are in a competitive niche and your site is nudging strong established competition around, that Google might take a manual look.
I read a post on Warrior that had some weak evidence for this about 2 years ago. But in all likelihood, this is a very very small possibility.