Can bad backlinks harm ranking without getting penalised?

Hi everyone
i will explain my question in more details
if my site ranking on a specific ( relativity easy keyword ) at #3
and then my website dropped to #10 on the same keyword ( and it still easy )
Can this colud be due to some bad and irrelevant backlinks ??
although my website still indexed and did not get penalised
and i also don't have any manual action messages inside my google webmaster

OR my website must penalised and deindexed even if google found any single bad backlink refers to my website without any inital warning or partial penalise like as dropping ranks??

Briefly and in other way : if i disavowed any bad backlinks on my google webmaster tool will i notice any improvements in my ranking??

i hope i explained my question well and sorry for my weak english
Regards

no replies until now
i hope my question was clear

There could be so many reasons, you should post a few screenshots of the search console pages to share more info.
Check if there was any manual action or if your backlinks were removed etc.. there could be so many reasons..

Yes, bad backlinks can harm rankings without getting penalized. That means you have no message in GWT, but your rankings were "adjusted" by the automatic algorithm. If you don't have clearly spammy and obviously bad backlinks, I wouldn't rush to disavow, but would rather keep building better backlinks.