If it's an established domain and site:domain.com returns no results that's a huge red flag, because even a shitty site should be indexed by Google, even if it's not getting much or any traffic. That's not sandboxed... That's just straight up banned.
Try searching for "domain.com" and seeing what comes up, you will often see spammy backlinks show up in these results where the url is the anchor text, or failed link spamming attempts where the url is visible on the target page but isn't hyperlinked. You can also search for the domain in the various backlinking services.
If it's a parked or never-registered domain that's never been developed then that would be a valid reason for nothing showing up for the site:domain.com query. You can use whois.sc and archive.org to see if the domain has ever been registered.