Like some others have pointed out, it truly does depend on what you're doing. There's no single right answer.
Node.js is beginning to dominate because it modernizes website development, particularly through its package managers and in turn its front-end technologies such as React.
Python is great for data mining, A.I and other scientific topics, which all of course have a place in web development, but otherwise not a prime choice.
PHP is a longstanding champion of the web, and there's many opportunities within it. This is especially true for anyone looking to get into WordPress,
which is itself lucrative and in-demand.
All of the above mentioned are scripting languages. In terms of compiled languages, Golang is extremely fast, efficient, and easy to use for web development. For very high-demand scenarios, its garbage collector can impact performance, however that can be mitigated if desired. On a side note, I've seen some talk about Go vs Rust, but their purposes are different. Go is often used for API development, whereas Rust (for now) is best suited for OS development.
Of course, JavaScript is the cornerstone of front-end web development, and is a necessity. This leads into transcompiled languages such as TypeScript. And as far as jQuery goes, it's rather irrelevant nowadays.