Among other things this is what's in my robot file:
User-agent: *
Disallow: /wp-admin/
Disallow: /wp-includes/
Disallow: /wp-content/plugins/
This basically tells all robots (be it google, bing, yahoo, and whatnot) not to crawl those directories. If they can't crawl it, they can't index the content what's in there. And if the content has been indexed before, they'll remove it as they are no longer allowed to crawl it.
Blocking robots from /uploads/2017/02 will affect your image files but if you're concerned about that why would you want to deindex and making them 404 or 410?
If you have in /uploads/2017/02 only selective things that you don't want to be indexed you have to go on URL by URL bases. Alternatively, you can use the 'deindex function' in GSC. This doesn't really deindex anything, it just hides selected URL from appearing in google index (SERP). This should help you to speed things up until google takes note of the 404/410. But with 100+ URLs you have your work cut out for you if doing it manually. Another solution is to move the things that you don't want to index from /uploads/2017/02 to a separate folder and block robots from crawling it. However, if they are images that appear on your posts you'll have to update the URLs and it may affect your SEO.